Experts widely agree that ED is common. In fact, it’s often cited as the most common form of penile sexual dysfunction. However, variations in data collection and reporting can make it difficult to quantify.

A 2018 review estimated that ED affects about a third of people with penises, whereas a 2019 review found that the global prevalence is between 3% and 76.5%.

The Massachusetts Male Aging Study, which was completed in 1994, is often cited by experts in discussions of prevalence, even though the research is older.

This study found that around 52% of people with penises experience some form of ED and that the total rate of ED increases from about 5% to 15% between ages 40 and 70.

Though the risk increases with age, it’s still possible for younger people to experience ED. A 2013 study found that ED affected about 26% of those under the age of 40.

ED is an umbrella term for difficulty developing or maintaining an erection for as long as desired. This may look like taking significantly longer than usual to become erect, if at all, or becoming flaccid earlier than is typical.

Most people with penises experience episodes of ED at some point in life. In some cases, it’s a temporary response unrelated to overall sexual functioning. Alcohol use and increased stress are common contributors.

But if you’re experiencing difficulty more often than not, it could be a sign of ED or another underlying condition.

When you become sexually excited, the muscles in the penis relax, and blood flow to the penis increases. Blood fills two chambers of spongy tissue that run along the length of the penis called the corpora cavernosa.

ED occurs when there’s a disruption in this process.

While estimates vary, ED is generally more common among older adults. You may also be more likely to develop ED if you have certain health conditions, particularly:

  • Diabetes: Diabetes can cause nerve damage and decreased circulation, which can contribute to ED.
  • Obesity: According to a 2014 study, as many as 79% of people with ED have a body mass index (BMI) over 25.
  • Depression: Although there’s a strong correlation, it isn’t always clear if ED leads to depression or vice versa.

Other risk factors include:

  • living a sedentary lifestyle
  • smoking cigarettes, vaping fluids with nicotine, or using other tobacco products
  • taking certain over-the-counter or prescription medications
  • using alcohol, cannabis, or other substances

Treatment for ED involves targeting the underlying cause. For example, you may benefit from talk therapy if your symptoms are related to a mental health condition or mood disorder.

A healthcare professional can help you figure out the best treatment.

Lifestyle habits

Regular exercise can improve your circulatory health and may help treat ED if your BMI is over 25 or if you’re physically inactive.

A 2018 review looked at the effect of exercise on ED caused by inactivity, obesity, high blood pressure, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease.

The researchers found that 160 minutes of weekly aerobic activity for 6 months decreased ED symptoms.

Quitting smoking, minimizing alcohol intake, and eating a balanced diet can also have a positive impact.

Medications

Stendra, Viagra, Levitra, and Cialis are among the most common ED medications on the market. These medications increase blood flow to the penis.

A healthcare professional may recommend testosterone therapy if your symptoms are caused by low testosterone.

Devices

A penis pump, or vacuum erection pump, is a tube that fits over your penis. When used, the change in air pressure triggers an erection. It may be an effective option for mild ED.

Some people also find success with penis rings or sleeves.

Surgery

Surgery is generally used only if all other treatment options haven’t been successful or aren’t well tolerated. If that’s the case, a penile prosthesis may help.

The prosthesis involves an inflatable rod placed in the middle of the penis. A pump is hidden in the scrotum. The pump is used to inflate the rod, causing an erection.

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Occasional difficulty developing or maintaining an erection is natural. But if it starts to happen more frequently or disrupts your sex life, it’s a good idea to make an appointment with a healthcare professional.

ED isn’t a life threatening disorder, but it can be a sign of a more serious medical condition. A healthcare professional can help you find the best treatment option and offer advice to address the underlying cause.