Psychologists and therapists differ in terms of their education and ability to make a mental health diagnosis, among other factors. Your choice will depend on the concerns you want to address.
Whether you’re new to therapy, getting back into it, or just wondering if you’re seeing the right type of mental health professional, you may have come across different terms, like “psychologist” and “therapist.” Since these titles are often used interchangeably, you may be wondering how these types of professionals differ.
On a broad level, both psychologists and therapists are specialists who can help you:
- improve your mental health
- boost emotional well-being
- address behavior disorders
Both psychologists and therapists must become licensed to practice in their respective fields. They must undergo education and training in therapeutic techniques to help people address any mental, emotional, and behavioral health concerns. However, exact training requirements can vary from specialty to specialty.
The main differences between psychologists and therapists involve:
- level of education and training
- authority to make mental health diagnoses
- approach to treatment
Licensed therapists must have a minimum of a master’s degree in a field related to psychotherapy, and psychologists must have a doctorate-level degree in psychology, such as a PhD or PsyD.
Some psychologists with doctorate-level education will take on the title of therapist or psychotherapist. Some therapists, who typically have master’s-level training in psychotherapy, may refer to themselves as counselors or psychotherapists.
Research-focused vs. theory-focused
According to the American Psychological Association (APA), psychologists’ education includes extensive training in research areas such as human behavior, development, and personality.
This means that psychologists often have a deep understanding of scientific literature, which can inform how they structure treatment. Psychologists may integrate findings from recent research studies directly into their practice, offering clients evidence-based strategies and interventions.
Counselors and therapists also prioritize treatment, but typically receive training that is more focused on therapeutic techniques and theoretical models rather than academic research. Their education is often shorter and more practice-oriented compared to psychologists.
However, many therapists bring a strong theoretical background to their work. These theoretical perspectives, such as psychodynamic, humanistic, or systemic approaches, guide their understanding of clients’ challenges.
Counselors may also help clients work through broader systemic or environmental issues, such as difficulties within family systems, schools, or communities.
Treatment methods
Psychologists, therapists, and counselors commonly use talk therapy techniques to support clients.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), for instance, is a widely used approach. CBT helps individuals become more aware of unhelpful thought patterns and develop healthier ways of thinking and behaving.
Counselors and therapists also employ talk therapy in various settings, including, but not limited to:
- clinical social work environments
- outpatient clinics, such as those serving the Veteran’s Health Administration
- private practice
Diagnosis and prescribing authority
While psychologists are trained in assessment and diagnosis, most do not prescribe medication, as prescribing rights are typically restricted to psychiatrists and, in some states, specially trained psychologists.
The authority to diagnose mental health conditions can vary by state. Some licensed counselors may have diagnostic privileges, while others may not.
In cases where diagnosis is outside a counselor’s legal scope, they can refer clients to psychologists or other qualified professionals for a formal evaluation.
All licensed psychologists and therapists are required to have advanced degrees.
Psychologists
A doctoral degree (PhD or PsyD) is required to practice as a psychologist. However, depending on state laws, someone with a master’s degree may be licensed as a therapist or psychotherapist.
PhD psychologists often emphasize research and may work in academia or clinical practice. PsyD psychologists are typically more focused on clinical treatment and applying research to therapy.
Both degrees qualify professionals to:
- provide therapy
- conduct psychological and neuropsychological assessments
- develop treatment plans based on diagnostic evaluations
Psychologists may specialize in areas such as:
- clinical psychology
- developmental psychology
- cognitive psychology
- neuroscience
- industrial/organizational psychology
- social psychology
Licensing requires years of supervised training, and psychologists must complete continuing education (CEUs) to stay current. These licensing requirements vary by state.
Therapists
To become licensed, therapists and counselors must earn at least a master’s degree in a relevant field, such as social work, counseling psychology, or marriage and family therapy. In addition to their degrees, they must complete supervised training and pass state-regulated exams.
While psychologists may emphasize the link between thought patterns and behavior, therapists typically guide clients through personal challenges with an emphasis on emotional healing, relationships, and daily functioning.
Common therapy specialties include:
- play therapy (for children)
- marriage and couples counseling
- family therapy
- grief counseling
- group therapy
- addiction and substance misuse counseling
- career and school counseling
- cultural competency and community support
Therapists may also be required to get CEUs when dictated by their particular license. These license requirements also vary by state.
Choosing between a psychologist and a therapist depends on your specific concerns and goals. To find the right fit, you can ask any provider about their license, training, therapeutic approach, and areas of specialization.
Common reasons to seek either a psychologist or a therapist include:
- General counseling
- Relationship or family issues
- Grief and loss
- Anxiety or depression
Consider a psychologist in particular if:
- You want to focus on changing thought patterns and behaviors (e.g., through CBT)
- You’re experiencing severe symptoms that disrupt daily life
- You need support based on psychological assessment or research-driven care
Tips for anticipating costs
- Be aware of fees. A private practice may charge higher fees, especially if specialists have many years of experience or are popular with a large clientele.
- Reputation may influence cost. A private practitioner may be worth the additional costs if you are seeking a particular therapist or psychologist based on their reputation.
- Try community resources or apps. Community clinics or counseling apps may be less costly, offering more affordable therapy options that charge flat fees per session or a monthly subscription fee.
- Try group therapy. Group therapies may be less costly than individual therapy. They may also introduce you to communities of people who share your concerns and may understand what you’re going through.
- Stay in your coverage network. If you’re insured, check with your insurance company before you see a specialist to make sure your provider is within your coverage network. Out-of-network professionals will cost you more out of pocket.
- Ask about paying on a sliding scale. Many therapists and psychologists offer sliding fees if you don’t have insurance to help you afford your treatment.
Ultimately, choosing between a psychologist and a therapist depends on your needs and overall goals. Both can help you establish and achieve therapy goals.
No matter which professional you choose, make sure you’re comfortable with them so that you can build a solid foundation for successful long-term care.